In this post, we'll explore the complicated and fascinating world of computer architecture and how it has evolved over the years. We'll start off (for anyone who isn't familiar) by discussing what a CPU is, before moving on to dive deep into the various types of CPUs available on today's markets. We'll talk about their features and their origins - as well as more advanced topics like pipelining, superscalar execution, and VLIW (very long instruction word) technology. Finally we'll conclude by discussing the future of processors and technology in this area. What is a CPU? A CPU (central processing unit) is a microprocessor which is the core part of the computer. It contains an arithmetic and logic unit, RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory) and many other components. Together they enable the processor to execute every instruction that the computer can be programmed to do: from simple adding, or copying of values between registers and memory to complex logical and arithmetic operations such as division, calls to subroutines, branch instructions and accessing data from files on disk drives. In effect, the CPU is a 'microchip' set inside a larger 'circuit board' which contains several key components. Once the code for the computer is being run by a CPU, it is very easy to think of a computer as just a list of actions that happen on every clock cycle. However, this oversimplifies what actually happens in a modern chip design. Let's look at an example where we process floating point numbers on processors based on vLIW technology: In this example, we've built up the basic elements of the "computer". In reality, there are many more components and they are not all of equal importance. However, to help us understand the operation of a CPU we just need to focus on these three main block diagrams: The first diagram shows us how we communicate with the "hardware" components of the computer. In essence, it is a link between what we want to do and the way our computer hardware will handle those instructions. The second diagram shows us how those instructions are built up from simpler parts. It shows us the actual assembly code that our computer runs internally as it executes tasks for each clock cycle. This is where all of the "magic" happens! The third diagram is simply a representation of how our processor operates on its inputs and produces outputs after each clock cycle. This is the most important of the three diagrams, since it shows us how all of the work is actually done. As mentioned above, this is where all of the "magic" occurs. Let's delve deeper into that magic! - Making computing more efficient - http://www.inteli-ia.com/tutorials/how_cpu_works/how_cpu_works.htm - VLIW - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word#Very-long-instruction-words_(VLIW) - A brief history of RISC vs CISC - http://arstechnica.
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